Glossary

Actual historical exchange rates for the specific accounting period, being the average rates over the year for the income statement and the closing rates at the balance sheet date for the statement of financial position.

APMs are non-GAAP measures used by the Prudential Group within its annual reports to supplement disclosures prepared in accordance with widely accepted guideline and principles established by accounting standard setters, such as International Financial Reporting Standards. These measures provide useful information to enhance the understanding of the Group’s financial performance. A reconciliation of these APMs to IFRS metrics is provided in the additional unaudited financial information section of the annual report.

The stocks of most foreign companies that trade in the US markets are traded as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). US depositary banks issue these stocks. Each ADR represents one or more shares of foreign stock or a fraction of a share. The price of an ADR corresponds to the price of the foreign stock in its home market, adjusted to the ratio of the ADRs to foreign company shares.

A measure of new business activity that comprises the aggregate of annualised regular premiums and one-tenth of single premiums on new business written during the year for all insurance products. See note II(vi) of the additional information for further explanation.

Assets under management represent all assets managed or administered by or on behalf of the Group, including those assets managed by third parties. Assets under management include managed assets that are included within the Group’s statement of financial position and those assets belonging to external clients outside the Prudential Group, which are therefore not included in the Group’s statement of financial position. These are also referred to as ‘funds under management’.

Adjusted IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. This alternative performance measure is reconciled to IFRS profit for the year in note B1.1 of the IFRS financial results and a fuller definition given in note B.1.2.

Adjusted shareholders' equity represents the sum of Group IFRS shareholders’ equity and CSM, net of reinsurance (unless attaching wholly to policyholders) and tax. See note C 3.1 (B) and II(ii) of the additional information for reconciliation to IFRS shareholders' equity.

New business profit generated from the agency channel

ASEAN markets include Prudential’s businesses in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.

An active agent is defined as agents that sell at least one case with a Prudential life insurance entity in the month. Average active agents per month is expressed for each reporting period as the sum of active agents in each month divided by the number of months in the period.

An agreement with a bank to offer insurance and investment products to the bank’s customers.

Bonuses refer to the non-guaranteed benefit added to participating life insurance policies and are the way in which policyholders receive their share of the profits of the policies. These include regular bonus and final bonus and the rates may vary from period to period.  

New business profit generated from the bancassurance channel.

The expected present value of future cash flows for a company’s current insurance obligations, calculated using best estimate assumptions, projected over the contract’s run-off period, taking into account all up-to-date financial market and actuarial information.

The amount of cash available to a policy holder on the surrender of or withdrawal from a life insurance policy or annuity contract.

In a reinsurance arrangement, an allowance (usually a percentage of the reinsurance premium) can be made by the reinsurer for part or all of a ceding company's acquisition and other costs. 

A regulatory framework that governs the insurance industry in China effective from 1 March 2021. The second phase of the C-ROSS (or CROSS II) became effective in the first quarter of 2022.

CIS is an open-ended investment fund of pooled assets in which an investor can buy and sell units that are issued in the form of shares. 

Prudential plc reports its results at both AER to reflect actual results and also CER to eliminate the impact from exchange translation. CER results are calculated by translating prior year results using current year foreign currency exchange rates, ie current period average rates for the income statements and current period closing rate for the statement of financial position.

Borrowings which Prudential considers forming part of its core capital structure and excludes operational borrowings.

The risk of loss if another party fails to meet its obligations, or fails to do so in a timely fashion.

The risk that asset or liability values, cash flows, income or expenses will be affected by changes in exchange rates. Also referred to as foreign exchange risk.

The boundary of the fulfilment cash flows under IFRS 17 is considered to be the point at which the Group both no longer has substantive rights and obligations under the insurance contract to provide services or compel the policyholder to pay premiums.

A liability for insurance contracts under IFRS 17 representing the deferral of any day-one gains arising on initial recognition. Over time, the CSM balance is released into profit in the income statement as services are delivered by the Group under the insurance contracts.

The proportion of CSM recognised in profit or loss under IFRS 17 at the end of each period for a group of contracts is determined as the ratio of the coverage units in the period divided by the sum of the coverage units in the period and the present value of expected coverage units in future periods. The total number of coverage units in a group is the quantity of service provided determined by considering the quantity of benefits for each contract and its expected coverage period.

A customer is defined as a unique individual or entity who holds one or more policies, that has premiums paid, with a Prudential life insurance entity, including 100 per cent of customers of the Group's joint ventures and associate. Group business is a single customer for the purpose of this definition.

Net Promoter Score on overall strength of customer relationship, based on customers’ survey responses to how likely they would be to recommend Prudential. It measures the response on a scale of 0 - 10 where 9 or 10 are Promoters, 7 or 8 are Passives and 0 - 6 are Detractors. The score equates to the percentage of promoters less percentage of detractors.

Calculated as the number of customers at the beginning of the period minus exits during the year (net of reinstatement) over the number of customers at the beginning of the period.

These represent a contractual right to receive, as a supplement to guaranteed benefits, additional benefits that are likely to be a significant portion of the total contractual benefits. The amount or timing of the benefits is contractually at the discretion of the issuer and the benefits are contractually based on asset, fund, company or other entity performance.

An ordinary individual life insurance product that provides the insured party with various guaranteed benefits if it survives specific maturity dates or periods stated in the policy. Upon the death of the insured party within the coverage period, a designated beneficiary receives the face value of the policy.

Financial results that are prepared on a supplementary basis to the Group’s consolidated IFRS results and which are prepared in accordance with a set of Principles issued by the CFO Forum of European Insurance Companies in 2016. Embedded value is a way of measuring the current value to shareholders of the future profits from life business written based on a set of assumptions.

The cost/income ratio is calculated as operating expenses, adjusted for commissions and share of contribution from joint ventures and associates, divided by operating income, adjusted for commission, share of contribution from joint ventures and associates and performance related fees. See note II(v) to the additional information for calculation.

This measure represents funds under management at the balance sheet date held in funds which outperform their performance benchmark as a percentage of total funds under management over the time period stated (1 or 3 years). Total funds under management exclude funds with no performance benchmark.

Total funds under management or advice including external funds under management, money market funds, funds managed on behalf of M&G plc and internal funds under management or advice.

Shareholders' equity prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles issued by the European Insurance CFO Forum in 2016. See note II(viii) of the additional information for reconciliation to IFRS shareholders' equity

EEV shareholders’ equity per share is calculated as closing EEV shareholders’ equity divided by the number of issued shares at the end of the period. See EEV basis results for calculation.

See ‘ assets under management’ above.

Fulfilment cash flows under IFRS 17 comprise the best estimate of the present value of future cash flows within the contract boundary that are expected to arise and an explicit risk adjustment for nonfinancial risk.

Regulatory framework developed by the Hong Kong Insurance Authority (see below) for multinational insurance groups under its supervision. The GWS Framework is based on a principle-based and outcome-focused approach, and allows the Hong Kong Insurance Authority to exercise direct regulatory powers over the designated holding companies of multinational insurance groups. The GWS framework sets out a measure of capital for the Group as a whole, by aggregating the capital measures of individual insurance businesses and other regulated businesses, as well as the capital resources held by Group holding companies.

Estimated GWS capital resources in excess of the GPCR attributable to the shareholder business, before allowing for the 2023 second cash interim dividend. Prescribed capital requirements are set at the level at which the local regulator of a given entity can impose penalties, sanctions or intervention measures. The estimated GWS group capital adequacy requirements require that total eligible Group capital resources are not less than the GPCR

Estimated GWS coverage ratio of capital resources over GPCR attributable to the shareholder business, before allowing for the 2023 second cash interim dividend.

These comprise health and personal accident insurance products, which provide morbidity or sickness benefits and include health, disability, critical illness and accident coverage. H&P products are sold both as standalone policies and as riders (see below) that can be attached to life insurance products.

The Hong Kong IA is an insurance regulatory body responsible for the regulation and supervision of the Hong Kong insurance industry.

New business profit from health products, which typically are annually renewable and would involve diagnosis and treatment from licensed physicians/medical facilities. Critical illness products paying lump sum benefits are not in scope.

IFRS shareholders’ equity per share is calculated as closing IFRS shareholders’ equity divided by the number of issued shares at the end of the period. See note II(iv) to the additional information for calculation

This comprises the premium that is required to compensate for the lower liquidity of corporate bonds relative to government bond yields and the mark-to-market risk premium that is required to compensate for the potential volatility in corporate bond spreads (and hence market values) at the time of sale. This is calculated as the yield-tomaturity on a reference portfolio of assets with similar liquidity characteristics to the insurance contracts less the risk-free curve and an allowance for credit risk.

An insurance policy or contract reflected on records that has not expired, matured or otherwise been surrendered or terminated.

The IAIS is a voluntary membership organisation of insurance supervisors and regulators. It is the international standard-setting body responsible for developing and assisting in the implementation of principles, standards and other supporting material for the supervision of the insurance sector.

Accounting standards and practices that are developed and issued by the IFRS Foundation and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Investments rated BBB- or above for S&P and Baa3 or above for Moody’s. Generally, they are bonds that are judged by the rating agency as likely enough to meet payment obligations that banks are allowed to invest in them.

Insurance products where the surrender value of the policy is linked to the value of underlying investments (such as collective investment schemes, internal investment pools or other property) or fluctuations in the value of underlying investment or indices. Investment risk associated with the product is usually borne by the policyholder. Insurance coverage, investment and administration services are provided for which the charges are deducted from the investment fund assets. Benefits payable will depend on the price of the units prevailing at the time of surrender, death or the maturity of the product, subject to surrender charges. These are also referred to as unit-linked products or unit-linked contracts.

These are measures by which the development, performance or position of the business can be measured effectively. The Group Board reviews the KPIs annually and updates them where appropriate.

Prudential calculates this as assets and resources available to us that are readily convertible to cash to cover corporate obligations in a prescribed stress scenario. We calculate this ratio over a range of time horizons extending to twelve months.

MDRT is a global, independent association of life insurance and financial services professionals that recognises professional knowledge, strict ethical conduct and outstanding client service. MDRT membership is recognised internationally as the standard of excellence in the life insurance and financial services business.

An MMF is a type of mutual fund that has relatively low risks compared to other mutual funds and most other investments and historically has had lower returns. MMF invests in high quality, short-term debt securities and pays dividends that generally reflect short-term interest rates. The purpose of an MMF is to provide investors with a safe place to store cash or as an alternative to investing in the stock market.

Leverage measure calculated as the Group gross debt, including commercial paper as a proportion of the sum of IFRS shareholders’ equity, 50 per cent of the surplus in the Group’s with-profit funds and the Groups gross debt including commercial paper. Calculated with no adjustment for the value of contractual service margin in equity.

Rate of sickness, varying by such parameters as age, gender and health, used in pricing and computing liabilities for future policyholders of health products, which contain morbidity risks.

Rate of death, varying by such parameters as age, gender and health, used in pricing and computing liabilities for future policyholders of life and annuity products, which contain mortality risks.

Net assets for EEV reporting purposes that reflect the regulatory basis position, with adjustments where necessary to achieve consistency with the IFRS treatment of certain items or to better reflect the assets that are available to be transferred to the shareholder.

New business margin is expressed as the value of new business profit as a percentage of APE and the present value of new business premiums (see below) expected to be received on an EEV basis.

Presented on a post-tax basis, on business sold in the year, calculated in accordance with EEV principles. New business profit is reconciled to IFRS new business CSM in note II(vii) to the additional information.

A life insurance policy where the policyholder is not entitled to a share of the company’s profits and surplus, but receives certain guaranteed benefits. Examples include pure risk policies (eg fixed annuities, term insurance, critical illness) and unit-linked insurance contracts.

Net cash amounts remitted by businesses are included in the holding company cash flow, which is disclosed in detail in note I(iv) of the Additional financial information. This comprises dividends and other transfers from businesses, net of capital injections, that are reflective of earnings and capital generation.

Operating Free Surplus Generated (see definition below) less Central costs, eliminations, restructuring costs and IFRS 17 costs, net of tax.

A state in which greenhouse gas emissions from activities in the value chain of an organisation are reduced as close to zero as possible, with any residual emissions balanced by removals from the atmosphere, in a time frame consistent with the Paris Agreement. Our ambition is that the assets we hold on behalf of our insurance companies will be Glossary Prudential plc Annual Report 2023 393 net zero by 2050, as part of Prudential’s signatory requirements to the UN-Convened Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance (NZAOA).

Our new business growth objective assumes average exchange rates of 2022 and economic assumptions made by Prudential in calculating the EEV basis supplementary information for the year ended 31 December 2022, and are based on regulatory and solvency regimes applicable across the Group at the time the objectives were set. Assume that the existing EEV and Free Surplus methodology at December 2022 will be applicable over the period.

Calculated as new business profit divided by the average EEV shareholders' equity for insurance business operations, excluding goodwill attributable to equity holders. See note II(ix) of the additional for calculation.

Average monthly agency new business profit divided by the active agents per month. Includes 100 per cent of new business profit and active agents in Joint Ventures and Associates.

Under IFRS 17, an insurance contract is onerous at the date of initial recognition if the fulfilment cash flows allocated to the contract, any previously recognised acquisition cash flows and any cash flows arising from the contract at the date of initial recognition in total are a net outflow.Classification as onerous does not necessarily mean the contract is not profitable overall as it does not allow for all real world investment returns that will be earned over time.

Operating free surplus generated from in-force insurance and asset management business: Operating free surplus generated from inforce insurance business which represents amounts emerging from the in-force business during the year before deducting amounts reinvested in writing new business and excludes non-operating items. For asset management businesses, it equates to post-tax operating profit for the year. Restructuring costs are presented separately from the business unit amount. Further information is set out in "movement in Group free surplus" of the EEV basis results.

Our Operating free surplus generated from in-force insurance and asset management business growth objective assumes average exchange rates of 2022 and economic assumptions made by Prudential in calculating the EEV basis supplementary information for the year ended 31 December 2022, and are based on regulatory and solvency regimes applicable across the Group at the time the objectives were set. Assume that the existing EEV and Free Surplus methodology at December 2022 will be applicable over the period.

Operating free surplus generated: For insurance operations free surplus generated represents amounts emerging from the in-force business net of amounts reinvested in writing new business and excludes non-operating items. For asset management business it equates to post-tax operating profit for the period. Restructuring costs are excluded.

Calculated as EEV operating profit divided by the average EEV shareholders' equity for continuing operations. See note II(ix) of the additional for calculation.

Borrowings which arise in the normal course of the business, including all lease liabilities under IFRS 16.

Contracts of insurance where the policyholders have a contractual right to receive, at the discretion of the insurer, additional benefits based on factors such as investment performance, as a supplement to any guaranteed benefits. This is also referred to as with-profits contracts.

Number of Prudential customers as percentage of total bank customers. The measure and target pertains to seven strategic bank partners (excluding partners of joint ventures and associates and partnerships in, Cambodia and Laos).

A measure of the policies remaining in force from period to period.

A life insurance product with regular periodic premium payments.

Renewal or recurring premiums are the subsequent premiums that are paid on regular premium products.

A supplemental plan that can be attached to a basic insurance policy, typically with payment of additional premiums.

The risk adjustment for non-financial risk under IFRS 17 reflects the compensation the Group requires for bearing the uncertainty about the amount and timing of the cash flows from non-financial risk as the Group fulfils insurance contracts. The risk adjustment is a component of the insurance contract liability, and it is released as profit if experience plays out as expected.

RBC is a method of measuring the minimum amount of capital set by regulators as appropriate for a reporting entity to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and the level of risk it is faced. RBC limits the amount of risk a company can take and act as a cushion to protect a company from insolvency. RBC is intended to be a minimum regulatory capital standard and not necessarily the full amount of capital that an insurer would want to hold to meet its safety and competitive objectives. In addition, RBC is not designed to be used as a stand-alone tool in determining financial solvency of an insurance company; rather it is one of the tools that give regulators legal authority to take control of an insurance company.

Single premium policies of insurance are those that require only a single lump sum payment from the policyholder.

Stochastic techniques incorporate results from repeated simulations using key financial parameters which are subject to random variations and are projected into the future.

A fixed interest issue or debt that ranks below other debt in order of priority for repayment if the issuer is liquidated. Holders are compensated for the added risk through higher rates of interest. 

The termination of a life insurance policy or annuity contract at the request of the policyholder after which the policyholder receives the cash surrender value, if any, of the contract.

The fee charged to a policyholder when a life insurance policy or annuity contract is surrendered for its cash surrender value prior to the end of the surrender charge period.

Tier 1 capital in accordance with the classification of tiering capital under the GWS framework which reflects the different local regulatory regimes along with guidance issued by the Hong Kong IA.

The value of financial options and guarantees comprises two parts, the intrinsic value and the time value. The intrinsic value is given by a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions. The time value is the additional value arising from the variability of economic outcomes in the future.

Unallocated surplus is recorded wholly as a liability and represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for Prudential’s with-profits funds. The balance retained in the unallocated surplus represents cumulative income arising on the with-profits business that has not been allocated to policyholders or shareholders.

See ‘ investment-linked products or contracts’ above.

An insurance product where the customer pays flexible premiums, subject to specified limits, which are accumulated in an account and are credited with interest (at a rate either set by the insurer or reflecting returns on a pool of matching assets). The customer may vary the death benefit and the contract may permit the customer to withdraw the account balance, typically subject to a surrender charge.

The present value of future shareholder cash flows projected to emerge from the assets backing liabilities of the in-force covered business.

Reflects a portfolio’s exposure to carbon-intensive companies, expressed in tCO2e/$m revenue. The WACI is currently the market standard for measuring the carbon footprint of an investment portfolio, as described by global disclosure frameworks such as the Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD).

A type of life insurance policy that provides lifetime protection, commonly used for estate planning purposes. Premiums must usually be paid for life, and the sum assured is paid out whenever death occurs.

For Prudential, the most significant with-profits contracts are written in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore. See ‘participating policies or participating business’ above. 

See ‘participating funds’ above. 

A measure of the rate of return received from an investment in percentage terms by comparing annual income (and any change in capital) to the price paid for the investment.

A line graph that shows the relative yields on debt over a range of maturities typically from three months to 30 years. Investors, analysts and economists use yield curves to evaluate bond markets and interest rate expectations.